The Integral Part Of Organizational Management Commerce Essay Example For Students

The Integral Part Of Organizational Management Commerce Essay Over the mature ages, Outsourcing has gotten a worked in bit of most organizations vital and operational bearing because of the interest to remain competitory known to man showcase by means of an efficacious flexibly link. The interest to redistribute so as to cut expense in the creation methodology has achieved a situation where organizations have stocks that are low on cost however high in quality. In any worry, overall gain formulating and length of administration are a definitive finishes and can be accomplished using arranged assaults thus the develop of redistributing. It is primarily planned for taking a gander at ways an organization can pick the most skilled and cost viable supplier, who at long last will affect cost of creation, fiscal estimation of administrations or products and overall gain. Re-appropriating, which is firmly connected with an adequate gracefully link, is principal to the development and heading of an organization. Outline1 OUTSOURCING DEFINED2 FIGURE 1.1 PROCESS OF OUTSOURCING3 Globalization, OUTSOURCING AND BUSINESS RESTRUCTURING4 Figure 1.2 OUTSOURCING AT THE CENTER OF A FUNDAMENTAL RESTRUCTURING OF BUSINESS5 OUTSOURCING6 REFLECTIONS AND ARGUMENT7 Decision Redistributing DEFINED We will compose a custom paper on The Integral Part Of Organizational Management Commerce explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Redistributing, being a bit of the creation system in many organizations, is simply non only about procurance of regular stuffs, constituents, and administrations from able suppliers however rather, it Is a key assurance made to cut expense in the creation methodology taking to an expansion in asset apportioning alongside uplifted administrative taking care of the core abilities of an organization. It ought to be noticed that in spite of the fact that re-appropriating is a key assurance, redistributing shows a segment in the improvement of that conspire. There is no cosmopolitan definition for re-appropriating especially when you take attention to the various divisions in concern today. In their study of Information Technology ( IT ) re-appropriating, Loh and Venkatraman ( 1992:9 ) characterized sourcing as the significant part by outer dealers in the physical as well as HR related with the full or explicit constituents of the IT foundation in the client organization . Re-appropriati ng has other than been characterized as stocks provided to the transnational house by autonomous suppliers from around the universe and the degree of constituents and completed stocks provided to the house by free suppliers ( Kotabe,1992:103 ) .Furthermore, redistributing has been characterized as the trust on outside beginnings for manufacture constituents and other worth including exercises ( Lei and Hitt,1995:836 ) . It is obvious to see that re-appropriating takes on various assaults when applied to arranged segments. Re-appropriating may hold grouped definitions yet the strategies are unvarying. The strategy of re-appropriating experiences stages before a supplier is chosen. Figure 1.1 shows the methodology associated with redistributing. FIGURE 1.1 PROCESS OF OUTSOURCING Provider SUPPLIER Checking SELECTION DESIGN PROCUREMENT SOURCING What's more, AND COLLABORATION PLANNING AND Evaluation CONTRACT ANALYSIS Exchange Starting: Chopra, S and Meindl, P.2004. Flexibly Chain Management: Scheme, Planning and Operations Globalization, OUTSOURCING AND BUSINESS RESTRUCTURING The develop of redistributing is extremely extraordinary in organizations due to non simply key grounds, yet moreover, the idea of the universe we live in today. We live in a globalized universe which has realized worldwide financial incorporating portrayed by facilitated commerce and capital movement in this manner making a planetary market. The term, DEATH OF DISTANCE, best portrays re-appropriating on a bigger graduated table. The planetary society today is to such an extent that movement of data has gotten nearly simple because of mechanical progresss and the internet. We have states on one side of the planet paying organizations on another for specific administrations. A delineation can be taken from IBM. They utilize Indian applied researchers to execute everyday ordinary consideration maps on bundle planned in the U.S ( HILL 2010 ) . Care is an assistance, and in the occurrence of IBM, that administration is plainly being re-appropriated to another bit of the universe because of a level of expertness from the supplier and non covering the advantages of clasp zone. Along these lines, the re-appropriating develop augmentations the planetary graduated table. Re-appropriating which can be viewed as an instrument utilized by worries to cut cost and apportion assets has an off shoring measurement related with it. Seaward redistributing is focused on cost decline and is the most convincing component. Seaward redistributing involves voyaging an organization s inward concern methodology to an outside organization in another state. An incredible per centum of cost retirement funds can be found in the compensation contrasts between representatives in created states and those in developing monetary frameworks, for example, Asia and Eastern Europe. In footings of remunerations, the undermentioned representations best depicts the ground or grounds an organization would decide for seaward redistributing: .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 , .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 .postImageUrl , .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 , .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690:hover , .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690:visited , .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690:active { border:0!important; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690:active , .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690:hover { darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47 da649af8db2690 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u54a52bfe87e8205d47da649af8db2690:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Paradise Lost By Milton EssayArchitects, creating structures from considers acquire $ 250 every month in the Philippines when contrasted with $ 3000 per month in the United States. Java coders in India win $ 5,000 a twelvemonth contrasted with $ 60,000 in the United States. Aviation applied researchers in Russia win $ 650 every month contrasted with $ 6,000 for their United states counterparts U.S. prepared and authorized radiotherapists in India read X raies, MRIs and CT examine for not exactly a large portion of their U.S. inverse numbers ( Corbett, M 2004 ) . Seaward re-appropriating has dynamically become bit of the creation technique in many organizations because of advantages from the compensation development and capable expertness from the suppliers. Asides from organizations, authoritiess have other than taken up seaward re-appropriating. For outline, the United States health area in 2008 utilized 34,000 Filipinos in the worry of translating American clinical files.More all around, a few estimations recommend that the redistributing of numerous managerial processs in wellbeing consideration, for example, customer administration and cases handling, could chop down wellbeing consideration cost in America by each piece much as $ 70 Billion dollars ( HILL 2010 ) . There is no vulnerability that re-appropriating is here and here to remain. With an expansion in redistributing organizations, I don't get this' meaning for the worry part? The build of redistributing has and will take to organizations having the option to get the contributing musicality and distribute those assets to a greater amount of import aspects all together continue their core abilities. For representation, Nike. Its core abilities can be found in its structure and selling capablenesss which give them that additional preferred position over adversaries. As a result of focusing on their core capabilities, Nike redistributes the creation of its places to some Asiatic states like Vietnam, China. In this way, the interest to place in manufacture workss and capacity establishments have been disposed of which in twist decreases the contributing beat. An expanded feeling of rivalry or hyper rivalry is obvious between significant adversaries furthermore among suppliers. An elevated feeling of rivalry among suppliers prompts an expansion in the quality and rule of products or administrations. The expansion in the quality and basis is gone before by rivalry ; a supplier realizes that so as to remain applicable it needs to better on the nature of

Marketing of Mondelez International-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discusss about the Sustainable Management and Marketing of Mondelez International. Answer: Presentation Mondelez International is a generally known American confectionary, food and refreshment organization that produces gum, powdered drinks, ice cream parlor, and bread rolls (Berg 2016). The worker quality of the organization is around 90,000 and it has been headquartered in USA. The item arrangement of Mondelez International incorporates a few billion-dollar brands like Stride, Trident, Oreo, Cadbury and Halls and with the equivalent; the brand has buyers from 165 unique nations (Fernandes, Gupta and Vidyasagar 2016). This paper will expound on dissecting its full scale and miniaturized scale ecological factors through showcasing blend and SWOT examination. It will additionally reveal insight into the maintainable showcasing activities taken by this organization and will propose not many procedures and rules that it could be utilized by it so as to improve its business. Conversation Promoting Mix Item The organization has enormous cluster items and limit of its items are been picked up by its merger with the brand Cadbury. Cadbury has created an enormous number of money cows in its scope of items. Advantage, Dairy Milk, Bourneville, Five Star, Cadbury clairs are a portion of the well known items in the chocolate business (Pai and Subramanian 2014). Under the fragment of bread rolls, the organization has propelled Oreo in the year 2010 that is without a doubt increasing a piece of the overall industry at an exceptionally quick pace, concealing in excess of 100 crores in the incomes. Under the drink fragment, bournvita again is the significant pioneer in the milk added substances. Alongside that, the mouth revitalizer or the solution for cold and hack Halls, is utilized by the individuals all over India. Due to such an immense scope of items in its portfolio, Mondelez is one of the main names in the field of chocolates, everywhere throughout the world. Cost Alongside the nature of the item, there comes the value that Mondelez also considers as it were. Since the nature of every one of its items are high just as the Oreo bread and bevarages too requires a constant showcasing in the market to stay on the top, the item cost of the Mondelez is likewise very high for certain results of it (MacGregor et al. 2016). Nonetheless, for different items that need less or no showcasing, the costs are a lot of low and sensible enough. Due to its situating, Dairy Milk is viewed as one of the most premium brands of chocolates, however as its cost is a lot of low than the other premium chocolates, it is acknowledged by close about every one of the objective portions (Shrivastava 2016). There are assortments of result of Mondelez and relying upon the kind of buyer who are going to get them, their evaluating are set appropriately. Appropriation system The circulation technique of the organization is extremely fabulous and is simultaneously, far reaching too. The result of the organization is accessible in all the urban zones including the A, B and C classification of towns. It likewise follows a similar system of FMCG. The items are accessible internationally at each candy machines, supermarkets, discount clubs, medicate stores, shopping centers, clinics and retail chains. It could be purchased from the online stores like Big container, eBay and Amazon also. It has a compelling circulation organize. It has disseminated every one of its items in outside business sectors including India. All the significant creating nations and urban areas are secured by the appropriation system of the organization. Advancement The item advancement of the organization is done through TV notice, magazine promotions and through announcements. The primary point of the organization is to make such items that would be delighted in by everybody (Mythily 2015). It focuses on the children maturing from 2 to 15 years to the adolescent and elderly folks individuals also. The majority of its commercials are enlivened in order to request the creative mind of the children. Be that as it may, the advancement of various item is extraordinary. For the advancement of Bourneville, the organization has kept a place that-You dont purchase a Bourneville, you procure it. The Cadbury festivity has a decent client base, where the chocolates are gotten tremendous sum and are given to the businesses, merchants and customers (SB and Sailaja 2014). showcasing. SWOT examination Qualities Mondelez has constructed a solid seller and wholesaler network inside scarcely any long periods of its development and this has made the vendors to put resources into preparing their business administrators for contributing various purchasers diverse one of a kind ways. In has as of late put resources into the Global Research and Development Hubs in Poland, Brazil, Mexico and India, that is helping them in selecting better applicants just as holding and creating abilities over an immense scope of fields. As talked about above, it has billion dollar brands such a Cadbury Dairy milk, Oreo, Milka, Trident gum, Halls candy and Toblerone and so on. These brand are supporting to income for Mondelez (Pai and Subramanian 2014). Shortcomings There is a vacillation in the EPS (Earning per Share). The EPS was diminished by 76.4% in the year 2016 and was expanded by 246.9% in the year 2015. Such a vacillation proposes, that there is lopsidedness in the execution of the methodologies. From the beneath referenced diagram, it very well may be delineated that there was an outstanding decrease in the absolute income in the year 2016 by 10.5% and in the year 2015 by 13.5% (Das nair, Nkhonjera and Ziba 2017). Diagram: Revenue history of Mondelez (Das nair, Nkhonjera and Ziba 2017) Openings There is a critical decrease in the deals of bread rolls in Latin America. In the year 2016, it was diminished to 734 million dollars from 1605 million dollars, which was about 54%. Subsequently, the organization can build its deals of roll in Latin America.. The organization can likewise enhance its item portfolio by including into it different sections, for example, that of bites. Mondelez can grow its business in other creating countries (Leonidou, Katsikeas and Morgan 2013) Dangers The developing qualities of the neighborhood distributers Increment in rivalry in the cutting edge business showcase among the contenders, a portion of its significant rivals is Mars, Hershey and Cargill and they really have an incredible brand notoriety in the market (Leonidou et al. 2013). The expense of the items used to make the organization items is ascending alongside increment in fuel cost, work cost, conveyance cost and so on (Tate et al. 2014). This is bringing about decrease of the edges of the brand. Organization position among the other three Among Barry Callebaut, Hershey and Cargill, Mondelez is positioning number two after Hershey. It is the second driving chocolate producing organizations after Hershey. Reasonable promoting standards The organization has propelled a site for its clients called the DearCadbury.com, with a mean to make its clients mindful in regards to moral sourcing and the earth (Sakas, Vlachos and Dimitris 2014). Directed at the clients, schools and its own specialists, Mondelez is making maintainability as significant piece of its drawn out methodology with an expectation that the site will mirror this. The organization likewise thinks about the requirements of every one of its clients, directly from the children to the more established ones or state, from the motivation buy to the family treats (Casadesus, Masanell and Zhu 2013). Mondelez structures its items to harmonize with the Easter, Christmas, Fathers and Mothers day and different other schedule tourist spots. Cadbury likewise utilizes the Choose Cadbury promoting system so as to energize a connection between these occasions and the chocolates. Besides, the organization follows dissemination system. In spite of the fact that the organization is following FMCS, still it can't make its items accessible in a portion of the urban and provincial areas. Notwithstanding, it makes its items accessible through the CF from the distributer or the retailers to the end clients and this is a three level dispersion approach. Ends From the above examination unmistakably Mondelez is without a doubt a main American confectionary, food and drink organization that can possibly turn into the top most organization in the rundown of the best food and refreshment organizations. Be that as it may, in view of the above examination there are not many suggestions made underneath: Single promoting procedure isn't adequate so as to accomplish the vital goals in such a contemporary business condition. Henceforth, Mondelez ought to apply the blend of vital promoting models whose ideal mix would depend on singular conditions specifically to focused markets of the person. It must vary in its key methodologies relying upon various individual market. References: Berg, B., 2016.As sweet as it gets: Corporate social duty in the ice cream parlor industry(Doctoral exposition, Quinnipiac University). Casadesus?Masanell, R. what's more, Zhu, F., 2013. Plan of action advancement and serious impersonation: The instance of sponsor?based business models.Strategic the executives journal,34(4), pp.464-482. Das Nair, R., Nkhonjera, M. furthermore, Ziba, F., 2017. Development and Development in the Sugar to Confectionery Value Chain. Fernandes, S.F., Gupta, P. furthermore, Vidyasagar, A., 2016. Cadbury IndiaSweet Turning Sour.Ushus-Journal of Business Management,15(4), pp.37-54. Leonidou, C., Katsikeas, C., Morgan, N. 2013 Greening the promoting blend: do firms do it and does itpay off?. Diary of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(2), 151-170. Leonidou, L.C., Leonidou, C.N., Fotiadis, T.A. what's more, Zeriti, A., 2013. Assets and capacities as drivers of lodging ecological promoting procedure: Implications for upper hand and performance.Tourism Management,35, pp.94-110. MacGregor, J.F., Liu, Z., Bruwer, M.J., Polsky, B. what's more, Visscher, G., 2016. Setting synchronous particulars on different crude materials to guarantee item quality and limit risk.Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,157, pp.96-103. Mythily, G., 2015. A SURVEY ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR AND BRAND AWARENESS OF CADBURY AMONG STUDENTS IN SCHOOL A

Tips From a College Senior

Tips From a College Senior It’s my last first day of school! I’m feeling particularly sentimental about the fact that this is my final year, so for all you incoming freshmen and high school readers, I thought I’d share a few of things I’ve picked up along the way: Learn to ask for help Everyone talks about how college forces you to become independent, but personally, college taught me how to ask for what I need. These four years are for you to invest in yourself and really make the most of the resources available to you. There’s this quote I really love from the poet Diane Di Prima: “You can have what you ask for. Ask for everything.” Whether you’re seeking mentorship, emotional support, or academic guidance, there is someone (and in many cases, an entire designated team) at Illinois waiting to help. Ask for everything. Have a Plan B I can’t count how many times things have failed to go according to plan during my college career. It’s a blessing and a curse. Although in the moment, it often feels like the latter. Circumstances will change, and more importantly, you will change. My advice is to learn to embrace the uncertainty, and always have a backup plan in mind. For example, during my sophomore year, I applied for a competitive academic program in the College of Business. When I was rejected, I was devastated; but I had done some contingency planning. I chose to pursue another technical major and study abroad instead. Had I been admitted into that particular program, I would’ve never had the opportunity to go to Hong Kong. This is a somewhat extreme example and not all backup plans entail jetting off to Asia for a semester, but my point is, it’s important to be adaptable, open-minded, and aware of your options. Choosing to study abroad in Hong Kong was arguably one of the most random decisions Ive made in college, but I wouldnt trade the experience for anything. Take pictures My biggest regret is that I have very few photos from my freshman year. I mean I probably have a dozen food pictures that I Instagrammed at various points, but none of my freshman dorm, the Quad in autumn, or the snowman I built with my friend the first time it snowed. I doubt senior citizen Ria will have any interest in the numerous grilled cheese photos that college Ria tookshe’d want to see the good stuff! It’s possible that I’m just terribly lazy when it comes to documenting memories, but I’d definitely encourage all of you to put in a little more effort than I did. Future you will be grateful! Seriously, nobody needs this many sandwich photos! And with that, I’ll get off of my soapbox. I can’t wait to see what this final year brings, and I’m so excited to share the ups and downs with all of you. Go Illini! Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

Marx, Durkheim, Weber and Sociology Essay - 1681 Words

The theoretical works of Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber still influence sociological theory. Though their works are decades old they still are a major part of what sociology is today. Though their theories can seem very different, there are some similarities. To become a great sociologist one most learn and understands how to use all sociological perspectives. To do this one must understand and use the different theoretical perspectives created by Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. Karl Marx theoretical perspective on conflict is by far one the most interesting theories in sociology. Born into a middle class family in Germany, he had a very close relationship with his father. Marx began his studies in law, but switched to philosophy.†¦show more content†¦Those who control means of production have power over the rest of the society (Morrison, 2006). Marx saw two very different social classes. The first being the proletariat or those who work who own the means of production. The second class being the Bourgeoisie, or the owners of the means of production (Morrison, 2006). Marx believed that because one group had power over another is the root cause for social issues. When Marx saw the conflict between these two classes, he began to look for an understanding how it began. Marx focused on the change to a capitalistic society, by looking at the history of economic development. Marx believed that the economy went though different economic stages. He believed that each economic development had their own laws (Morrison, 2006). Marx saw that capitalism began because of industrialization. Conflict theory allows us to see the conflict between social life and capitalism. Marx saw the power struggle between classes and felt that it is wrong to ignore inequality. One of the biggest inequalities between the two classes was the alienation of the workers (Morrison, 2006). Only one class, the wealthy gains the full benefit of the labor. An example of this is a worker who builds something that they will never be able to afford. Because of this the worker loses control of their production. This is what conflict theory is, the power struggle between twoShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts of the Emergence of Sociology on the Works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber1057 Words   |  4 Pagesemergence of sociology as a discipline is a result of the social, economic, political and technological developments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In this essay, the adequacy of this viewpoint will be analysed by pointing out these developments and highlighting their impact on th e works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber. The three are considered because they are regarded as the pioneers of sociology. 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A Great Period Of Time - 1528 Words

For a great period of time, the main source of authority in the early western world was the Bible. People lived there lives according to the bible and followed Christian tradition. â€Å"Prior to the Enlightenment, believing in God in the West was like believing in the sunrise; the answer to all the big questions of life was God† (Wade). During this time many things revolved around the bible, as did the government since the bible was the main source of knowledge. Many viewed Christianity as the centerpiece of their lives, but the view of many would soon change during the time of the Enlightenment. The enlightenment began in the early 1700’s and during this time period many people started coming up with new ideas about how the world worked.†¦show more content†¦Individuals wanted to use reason and rational to figure out how the world functioned, and they started to not accept religion as an answer. What spurred the Enlightenment to begin was the rise of skeptici sm across the region, the increase in literature, the works of Isaac Newton and The Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution was probably the biggest reason for the Enlightenment to begin. The Scientific Revolution was a movement that began just before the Enlightenment where many new ideas came about through the work of science. There were many individuals that came up with new scientific ideas and many of them were put on trial for heresy, for having a belief that went against Christian tradition. We can see this with the work of Galileo and the new ideas that he came up with. His main claim was that the world was no longer a spiritual world and that it was a world of matter and science. These ideas really challenge the Christian faith and in fact, the pope and religious authority wanted him to give up his ideas, fearing that they would impact the Christian faith. With these new ideas, the gap between religion and science in the world was getting wider and wider. Many more individuals starting coming up with new ideas and these new ideas are what began the â€Å"Enlightened† time period in Europe. New ideas were

Media Influences Free Essays

When we as individuals have the desire to learn more about current events and the condition of the world it is only natural that we turn our focus towards the mediums that broadcast the information in which we are seeking. These information sources can be televisions, newspapers, magazines, and/or the most recent technological phenomenon, known as the internet. As of late, devices such as the television have been proven to be much more than just an amusement for many Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Influences or any similar topic only for you Order Now With awareness of the power that television possesses, it has arguably become a given that the content broadcasted through a television also possesses great influence. The media is becoming an ever more powerful force in shaping the world’s perception of itself. An individual’s struggle to develop, and maintain a unique identity and self-understanding apart from media’s influence is steadily becoming increasingly difficult for the youths of today. When the people of the world absorb the many manifestations of the media they believe they are simply viewing reality, but in actuality, the media often proves itself it to be the sole instigator of stereotypes, as well as the creator of adverse social problems that often plague our society. Personally, I believe in order to eliminate the stereotypes that the media generates the public must have a heightened awareness of both the existence of as well as the potential damage caused by these unrealistic and/or stereotypical images and messages we are bombarded with daily.Unfortunately, and just as it was discussed in the ‘Killing Us Softly’ video, these detrimental messages are difficult to fight and to even identify effectively because of the ways in which they are â€Å"wholesomely† or â€Å"harmlessly† presented via advertising. Overwhelming amounts of time and money are devoted to raising a small, specially selected portion of the population as models of physical perfection – and ‘Killing Us Softly’ creator Jean Kilbourne exclaims, â€Å"These body types practically do not exist! For the most part, the types of people we see in the media are television and movie celebrities, fashion models, and sports figures. It is one thing to be acknowledged for one’s achievements, but the issue lies in that the glamorous ways in which these occupations are portrayed by the media are seemingly impossible to separate from the physical appearance of the people who hold them.The glamour that surrounds the media presentation of the lives and careers of these individuals extends, not surprisingly, to the clothes that they wear and the way that they look. One example solidifying this would be the fact that many celebrities, like Jennifer Lopez and Paris Hilton, create their own clothing and perfume merchandise lines, and both are prospering due to the constant bombardment of self improvement that television urges teenagers t o make. In fact, so much attention is given to celebrity appearances that entire television programs are devoted to little else but visual exploitation of celebrity clothing, and their tangible products of their latest fad workouts – so we too, as common folk can also aspire to be the dangerously skinny, 6’2’’, 97 pound beauty with the flawless skin and natural stage presence†¦achieving such characteristics is no sweat, right?The media presentation of the celebrity body has a single unifying image, regardless of the specific job title of a given celebrity. It can be argued that, because the media portrays celebrities’ bodies as attractive, desirable, and â€Å"good,† they become national symbols of these characteristics. On the contrary, bodies that do not meet this lofty goal frequently are, consciously or unconsciously, regarded as â€Å"bad† or ugly. Consider the ‘successfully’ popular advertising campaign used by Subway, the national fast food sandwich chain. Jared,† the â€Å"star† of the recent number of television commercials, supposedly lost hundreds of pounds while on a diet consisting mainly of the chain’s sandwiches. Jared’s â€Å"before† pictures show him considerably larger than his current size, but they also show him alone, with no friends or family. In stark contrast, however, his â€Å"after† action shots consistently show him not only thinner, but also constantly in the presence of a beautiful woman. Although this is not always the case,) the advertising message here is clear and simple: being fat/not part of the 1% of the population that most models’ bodies fall into is considered to be the equivalent and/or predictor of one’s life being bad, ugly, unhappy and lonely; while being thin/having no source of natural body fat leaves one happy and with attractive partner. Through these commercials, Jared has assumed celebrity status, solely on the basis that his body has changed to approximate more closely to the current standard of what the media considers to be attractive.In truth, there is a huge difference between the male and female body types glorified in the media and those of the public at large. For women, â€Å"desirable† physical characteristics (as they are portrayed in the media) include being thin, long-legged, slim-hipped, and large-breasted. In addition, the media-portrayed â€Å"desirable† physical characteristics for men include being mus cular and possessing a full head of hair. While this has been the normal projection of a â€Å"desirable† man for decades, in some cases this desirable form has also been altered to an extreme (much like the unrealistic physical expectations of women. Just like the counterpart Barbie dolls, G. I Joe has evolved into a highly influential and popular action figure that displays levels of muscularity far exceeding the outer limits of actual human attainment. Thus, the unrealistic evolution of both Barbie and G. I Joe may seem insignificant, but in truth it reflects an ever changing and demanding projection of the human body that has been fabricated by none other than, the mass media.In the gap between what is absolutely beautiful in the eyes of the media and the physical reality of the popular majority, it seems as though nearly everyone, at some point in his or her life attempts to alter him- or herself in a physical way, in order to conform more closely to the marketed â€Å"norm† of attractiveness and desirability. Television, magazines, and newspapers are filled with advertisements promoting self-loathing attitudes, while offering â€Å"miracle,† and body-altering â€Å"cures. The body that does not conform to a sexy, sleek stereotype becomes a thing to be hated, improved upon, and generally tortured into submission. Again, in the video we watched, media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, â€Å"Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight. † Ultimately, the unachievable presentation of the human body in the media leads to many outlets that can harm/distort the average human being’s perception of themselves.The changes a person must make in order to become what the media considers to be beautiful leads to many problems such as: disordered eating, including anorexia, bulimia, over-exercising, excessive dieting, and over-anxiety over food (just to name a few. ) While most of the population recovering from disordered eating is still predominately composed of women, the number of men with disordered and dangerous eating habits as well as distorted body images is reportedly on the rise.In addition to inevitable physical damage, intangible psychological harm results from body image problems to which the media contributes greatly and regularly. The perception that a single, narrow range of body types is acceptable and healthy for men and women is not only in error, but contributes to widespread social discontent. Instead of celebrating the diversity and beauty of the human form, the media stifles our desire to feel comfortable with ourselves. How to cite Media Influences, Papers

My Motivation For Seekin Admission Essays - , Term Papers

My Motivation for Seekin Admission My inspiration to succeed has always come from within. As a child, I had the vision of becoming a star and a role model for the next generation. I applied to Emerson College because I believe it will help me fulfill those dreams. I am a person who is driven to achieve, and help others. The adversity of living in a small town, the frustration of being different, of looking to rise above and realize my own autonomy has helped me grow. The next step in my growth is Emerson. I am also a person who has a strong connection to beauty and art. I have been able to surmount any and all tribulations, and use music as my outlet. Music for me is the manifestation of one's own expression beyond words. Music is something that has always helped me go beyond the status quo and realize who I am and who I want to be. Music is knowledge, which will lead me to my own meaning of life. With the help of college, experience, and my own expression I hope to gain knowledge and wisdom. College is a process (among many others), which directs me to my next move in life. It is a step that I am obliged to take to gain a wider horizon of this world. One day I hope to apply all that I have learned to reach my goals and help others. A person is nothing without dreams. I live every day with this constant reminder written on a post-it note hidden in my wallet. It reminds me that I have a long way to go in life. I am still small and insignificant in many ways and have not yet broken free from my cocoon. The only thing I can hold onto are my dreams; to obtain internal serenity, and to become successful and proud of what I've made of myself- whether that be a Wall Street business woman or a small town hair dresser. As long as I can look back on life and agree with myself that I did not live the ordinary, average life -I will be happy.

Clinical Governance and Risk Management Essays

Clinical Governance and Risk Management Essays Clinical Governance and Risk Management Essay Clinical Governance and Risk Management Essay Clinical Governance and Risk Management have become increasingly important over the last decade in the various fields of nursing. The development of the concept of clinical governance will be discussed and how it can be facilitated into practice with relation to learning disabilities nursing. Clinical Governance was first introduced in the White Paper ‘The New NHS: Modern, dependable’ (DoH, 1997). Donaldson (1998) viewed clinical governance as the vehicle to achieve, locally, continuous improvements in clinical quality, which will aid the government’s agenda for modernisation of the NHS. This modernisation includes improving services such as clinical audit, clinical effectiveness programmes and risk management. Donaldson was among many authors in 1998 that contribute to literature, which supported the need for clinical governance at a time when the standards and quality of healthcare provision were in decline. Risk management and assessment will be discussed in relation to learning disabilities to include disabled children in the child protection system. High quality risk assessments and risk management strategies are essential for children and adolescents with disabilities. It will be shown that barriers faced in the assessment process often lead to disabled children being discriminated against in the child protection system. To understand the development of clinical governance, we must firstly gain knowledge of its origins. During the early 1990’s, government documents and a series of high profile medical disasters such as the National Health Service (NHS) failures in bone tumour diagnosis and in paediatric surgery in Bristol helped to bring quality improvement to the top of the White Paper agenda (Nicholls, S et al 2000). The Patient’s Charter (1992) and The Citizen’s Charter (1993) are documents that drew the publics attention towards the quality and standards of care been delivered by the NHS. Both these charters gave rise to informing and empowering patients to the standard of care they found acceptable. Upon the deliver of these charters, healthcare professionals and the public became better informed and educated, thus demanded a higher quality of healthcare. The decline in the quality and standard of care by the NHS was now made public. The government had to act upon this. As mentioned, the term clinical governance became prominent following the publication of the first White Paper report, in which the government set out its agenda for the modernisation of the NHS. Succeeding this a year later was a new White Paper report, A First Class Service – Quality in the new NHS (DoH, 1998) which defines clinical governance as ‘A framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish’. The evolution of clinical governance, promoted the various sectors of the NHS to embrace and define this new system to their specific field. Dewar (2000) suggests that the official definition has deliberately been left incomplete so that health professionals can define their own systems of clinical governance in their own way. An explosion of clinical governance definitions were circulated through the health sector in relation to specific fields such as, doctors, GPs, nurses, physiotherapists, pharmacists etc. The Royal Collage of Nursing (1998) defines clinical governance as ‘a framework, which helps all clinicians including nurses to continuously improve quality and safeguard standards of care’. McSherry and Pearce (2007) argue that even though the majority of healthcare professionals welcomed the initial definition, individuals have interpreted, internalised and transferred the meaning of clinical governance to their specific profession. The definitions supplied by the individual sectors, are in agreement that this is a framework, which pulls all the ranges of organisational departments together, and were individuals and organisations are accountable for clinical quality, service and patient safety. The Health Act (1999) gave chief executives of NHS trusts a statutory responsibility for clinical governance; they are accountable for the successful implementation. However, to achieve the daily high standards of care all staff must acknowledge and understand the components that support clinical governance into their practice. Boden and Kelly (1999) view these components as Clinical audit, Clinical effectiveness, Clinical Risk management, Quality assurance and Organisational and staff development. Some of the components may or may not be new but they are now placed in an overall framework for quality and assurance. Each element mentioned, must be scrutinised to ensure it is serving both the patient and the organisation. McSherry and Pearce (2007a pg. 59) state that ‘to ensure that an organisation and staff deliver a high quality service, they need to have sound knowledge and well developed skills and competencies to perform their roles efficiently and effectively’. To attain this, it is essential that each component is lead by a clinician who has respect and confidence in healthcare staff and has the ability to influence, guide and lead through change. Walshe (2000) recognise the growing number of research articles on clinical governance that identify the many challenges that organisations face in its implementation. The barriers affecting the implementing process originate from internal and external sources, which can affect the organisation, teams and individuals (McSherry and Pearce 2007b). Key themes linked to the barriers affecting the implementation are culture, management, leadership, communication, education and training, knowledge and support (McSherry and Pearce 2007c pg 121). A study by Currie and Loftus-Hills (2002) found that clinicians were aware of the importance of creating a culture in which clinical governance could thrive but felt that they still exist in a blame culture, which seeks to address mistakes and apportion blame to individuals. Creating a culture that inhibits staff to voice their concerns or report when mistakes are made. This culture that seeks to apportion blame only leads to secrecy, mistrust and a failure to report mistakes, which hinders staff development and learning. For clinical governance to be accepted and practiced with in healthcare, a shift in attitudes and culture is needed. T o achieve this Cullen et al (2000) states that we need to unlearn some old habits and develop some new ones in order to develop a new healthcare culture that works under the guidance of clinical governance. This new cultural will guide staff in reporting mistakes, without prejudice, to the appropriate staff member and reducing clinical risk through learning by mistakes. Improving the patients experience in healthcare is seen as the central purpose of clinical governance. Roberts (2002) report that each year nearly 28,000 written complaints are made about aspects of clinical treatment in hospitals and the NHS pays out around ? 400 million in settlements of clinical negligence claims. As part of the government’s efforts to improve quality assurance and patient’s safety, the Department of Health (2000) published ‘An organisation with a memory’ which identified areas of healthcare practice that requires change. Clinical governance and risk management are included in the contents, as they are part of the government’s current strategy for modernisation in the NHS. Risk management is a statutory duty to be carried out by every NHS and other health organisations. It has been defined as ‘ a means of reducing the risk of adverse events occurring in an organisation by systematically assessing, reviewing and then seeking ways to prevent their occurrence. Clinical Risk management takes place in a clinical setting’ (NHS Executive, 2001). All healthcare professionals must ensure that risk management is a process for identifying the risks that have adverse effects on the quality, safety and effectiveness of service delivery. A risk management strategy provides the framework for assessing and evaluating those risks and takes positive action to eliminate or reduce them. Within a clinical healthcare setting the elimination of risk is paramount, however it will now be argued that the complete elimination of risk for people with a learning disability is not always preferable. Many definitions of risk are negative and this often leads to the assumption that risks should be completely eliminated. Giddens (1998) argues that risk taking â€Å"is a core element in the creation of a dynamic economy and innovative society† (cited in Denney 2005 p. 11). From a more individualist perspective risk can be seen as an opportunity to learn about the implications of our decisions (Sellars 2002). This is particularly true for people with disabilities. Often people with disabilities are over-protected and consequently do not have opportunities for experimentation and learning (Sellars 2002a). When a person with disabilities is empowered to take risks it can give them a sense of achievement and independence. Taking risks is part of leading a normal life and people with disabilities should be empowered to take risks. Risk in this context is positive. The complete elimination of risk would deny people the opportunity of personal development and learning from mistakes (Sellars 2002b). Therefore it is argued that the complete elimination of risk is undesirable. The Disability Discrimination Act was a key development for people with disabilities. The Act was a major step forward in determining how statutory services should respond to the aspirations of disabled people (Russell 1996). The Local Authority as a service provider has responsibility for the discriminatory attitudes or omissions of its employees. Another key policy document was The Same as You, a review of services for people with learning disabilities. The publication of this document is to be applauded since it strengthened the view that people with disabilities should be empowered to lead a normal life. There is much emphasis on empowering people to take risks as it is recognised as part of leading a normal life. Although there has been many improvements in the way in which society views disabled people there is still evidence that they discriminated against. This is clearly evident in the child protection system. There has been an overwhelming body of research conducted in the United States which highlights that children with disabilities are more vulnerable to abuse. A study by Sulivan and Knutson (2000) found disabled children were more likely to be abused and neglected than non-disabled children (cited in Miller 2003). They discovered that â€Å"disabled children are 3. times more likely to be neglected, 3. 8 times more likely to be physically abused, 3. 1 times more likely to be sexually abused and 3. 9 times more likely to be emotionally abused. Overall they found that 31% of disabled children had been abused compared to 9% among the non-disabled population† (Miller 2003a pg. 19). Therefore it has been well established in research from the United States that children with disabil ities experience an increased risk of abuse. Research in the UK which explores the safeguarding and abuse of children with disabilities is limited (Millar 2003b). The very fact that there has been little research in the UK seems very telling of the attitudes and cultural norms of British society. This seems to point out that disabled children are less worthy of being protected from abuse. Research literature can be divided into three main categories which indicate increased vulnerability factors for the disabled child. Miller (2003c pg. 20) describes these as: â€Å"attitudes and assumptions held by others, inadequacies in service provision and factors associated with the impairment†. Middleton (1996) argues that there is a widespread belief that children with disabilities are not subjected to abuse. This can lead to a failure to report abuse. Poorly developed services can also increase a disabled child’s vulnerability to abuse (Miller 2003d). For example, disabled children are often taught to be compliant and when their behaviour is seen as non-compliant they are often subject to techniques which ensure compliance. Also, disabled children may not have access to support with communication (Miller 2003e). Lack of support services can leave children with disabilities and their families feeling isolated and Miller (2003f pg. 22) argues â€Å"isolation is widely recognised to be a factor for abuse†. When a child does have access to services they may be more vulnerable to abuse simply because of the multitude of people in their lives (Middleton 1996a). Another concerning problems highlighted by Miller (2003g) is organisational and skills gaps between professionals who work with disabled children and those who work in the child protection system which creates barriers to effective child protection. Also when a disabled child is behaving in a way which may indicate unhappiness more often than not it is associated with the impairment rather than being taken as a sign of abuse (Middleton 1996b). These factors create barriers in the assessment of risk for children with disabilities. Calder (2002) argues the DOH framework for assessment has changed the focus of assessment. It is based on an ecological approach and expects that assessments are grounded in evidence based practice. The practice guidance for this framework suggests that it has been designed to be inclusive of all children in need and states that it is the duty of social services to ensure that â€Å"every child is assessed in a way that recognises the child’s individuality and particular needs† (Department of Health 2000 pg. 73). The assessment process will involve the systematic collection of information which results in the identification of risks, what they are, and the likelihood of their future occurrence, if there is a need for intervention and if so what that will be (Calder 2002a). Calder (2002b) argues that whilst this framework which was research driven is better than a framework which involves professional consensus he argues that it struggles to ‘embrace the diversity of practice situations’. Calder (2002c) argues that professionals must acknowledge that this framework is merely a tool and it can only aid professional judgement. This appears to be particularly true when it is applied to the assessment of children with disabilities who face abuse. Some criticism can be applied to the use of this model of assessment in work with children with disabilities. One of the expectations of the assessment process is that it is grounded in evidence based practice (Calder 2002d). As previously mentioned research in relation to the abuse and safeguarding of children with disabilities is limited. This makes the expectation that assessments are grounded in evidence based research almost impossible to achieve. Middleton (1996c) argues that there is a lack of confidence among disability specialists in the child protection system. Lack of familiarity with the child’s disability can often get in the way of social workers using their child protection expertise (Richardson Edwards 2003). An adequate assessment will often require the social worker to work in collaboration with many different professionals and other significant people in the child’s life. It may also be important to gather information from a specialist on the child’s impairment (Richardson Edwards 2003a). Sufficient time will be required to complete a holistic assessment (Richardson Edwards 2003b). However, Richardson and Edwards (2003c) argue the current child protection system does not allow for the additional time that may be required to complete a good assessment. Paul and Cawson (2002 pg. 270) argue â€Å"it is society’s response to disability that may lead to the increased abuse of disabled people†. This is evidenced in the belief that parents with disabled children are under more pressure than most parents and therefore abuse is seen as more excusable (Middleton 1996d). Attitudes such as this could lead to reticence in challenging parents which will be detrimental to the risk assessment process. Another major problem in the assessment process is that disabled children are often in contact with many people and it may be difficult to identify the perpetrator (Richardson Edwards 2003d). Richardson and Edwards (2003e pg. 39) argue â€Å"this should not inhibit action to safeguard a child although in our experience it often does†. Sobsey and Doe (1991) argue that disabled children have as much right as any body to experience a safe environment. They argue that while any environment cannot be totally risk free steps can be taken to reduce risk and any failure on the part of the agency to implement risk management techniques is negligence. Considering the increased risk that children with disabilities face it is essential that risk assessment strategies are identified and implemented. Sobsey and Doe (1991a) identify a number of risk management strategies which could be implemented. For example, â€Å"people with disabilities should be taught to discriminate appropriate occasions for compliance and for assertiveness† (Sobsey Doe 1991b pg. 41). Appropriate sex education is also essential. The belief of keeping sex a secret from people with disabilities is discriminatory. Sobsey and Doe (1991c) found that sexual offences against people with disabilities appear to be similar to other sex crimes. For example the offenders are predominantly male and victims are predominantly female. Sobsey and Doe (1991d) found that there w as a similarity in relationships between offenders to victims. There was evidence of an underlying abuse of power (Sobsey Doe 1991e). They found that differences such as the increase of incidence were found to ‘exist as extremes on a continuum rather than fundamental differences’ (Sobsey Doe 1991f pg. 251). Given that offences against disabled children appear to be similar to those against non-disabled children it would seem that developing risk management strategies would be similar. Risk management strategies for non-disabled children appear to have been well established. It follows then that these can be used with disabled children. Services need to be developed in order to be inclusive of children with disabilities. Support for families and children with disabilities are essential. It will be helpful if â€Å"family assessment centres and other support services provide a service for families with disabled children as indeed they are required to do under the Disability Discrimination Act† (Richardson Edwards 2003f pg. 42) Victims who cannot speak for themselves should be provided with assistance so that the risk of abuse may be decreased (Sobsey Doe 1991g). Most importantly our cultural beliefs that often devalue people with disabilities should be challenged and disregarded. It should be brought to the public attention that people with disabilities do add value to our society. Also where people have been subjected to abuse treatment programmes should be provided (Sobsey Doe 1991h). This will be no easy task and there will be many challenges. In order to protect children increased collaboration between disability specialists and child protection specialists is also of the utmost importance. Increased awareness of the abuse of disabled children and research will also be essential. The development of risk management strategies is recognition that abuse does occur and is a step forward in countering cultural attitudes towards children with disabilities. It is clear from research that disabled children are more vulnerable to abuse. Currently the child protection system appears to deny the abuse of disabled children. There are many barriers in assessing and managing risk but this does not mean that disabled children should not be provided with the same protection as non-disabled children. Cultural attitudes need to be challenged and there needs to be recognition that disabled children are victims of abuse. Research about the abuse and safeguarding of disabled children should be conducted in the UK and risk management strategies should be developed. What will it take to get the abuse of disabled children onto the policy agenda, another public inquiry perhaps? Until it is recognised that disabled children are discriminated against in the child protection system there can be no hope of reducing their vulnerability. Word count 3, 186

Powerful Work Wardrobe Tips for Professional Women

Powerful Work Wardrobe Tips for Professional Women You might be the brightest and most talented person in the room, and you of course should always be judged on those merits alone. Still, it doesn’t hurt to dress for success every now and then, just to make a statement with a polished and professional first impression. People are shallow. This is an unfortunate fact. And this disproportionately impacts women in the workplace. You shouldn’t even have to fight it- it’s 2017!- but fight it you can. Here are a few strategies how:1. Be yourself.Don’t try to wedge yourself into whatever is in style or what everybody else is wearing. Make sure to pick things that make you comfortable and confident and feel like yourself. Don’t let your clothes wear you; wear your clothes.2. Add a pop of color.The world is dreary enough. Figure out your favorite colors and see if you can’t incorporate them into your work wardrobe. Shades of red, particularly on the blue side of the spectrum, are said to convey power. But then again, so does black. The colors that flatter you and make you confident are going to be your power colors, no matter what. Bonus: solid colors are less distracting than loud prints.3. Adapt to the style of your workplace.If you’re applying to work in a super corporate environment where formal dress is required, you’ll need you get yourself a suit. If your work culture is much more casual than you’re used to, don’t fret. Get yourself a nice pair of designer jeans that really really fit well. Get some high quality t-shirts and a good jacket. You’ll still feel equipped and powerful- even sophisticated- but you won’t stand out as too gussied up.4. Invest in a good suit.If your work requires you to have a suit, get a really good one. A bespoke one. And have it fitted. Good tailoring is always a great investment.5. Keep it neutral.You may love your tattoos and piercings, or your unique hair choices, but in certain work environments- at least until they catch up to the realities of modern life- it’s best not to display all the wonderful quirks in your personal style.6. Dress for the job you want.Don’t be hamstrung by convention. You know where you want to go in your career. Do your research and know how to dress for that job you want. Trust your instincts. You’re a grown woman and capable of making it work for you.

Discussion question Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion question - Research Paper Example It was crucial to keep the test cognizant of the emerging challenges. The other common issue is that many people are championing for the inclusion of nursing ethics as a compulsory subject and not elective one. Maintaining certification is an important process that a client or practitioner can only address by following the stipulated law. Failure means that a nurse will lose his practice certificate. However, one has to question the need to seat for continuous tests if experience matters. Updating of the online test empowers nurses to understand emerging issues in the society with respect to their roles. Consequently, they can make appropriate choices. The issue of inclusion of nursing ethics as a compulsory subject can be solved by implementation of state laws that would require students to register for nursing ethics as a compulsory course (Finkelman & Kenner, 2013). My nursing philosophy is dependent on continuous education while being sensitive to the surrounding environment. Consequently, I appreciate the need to maintain certification and updated tests. In addition, nursing ethics is a cornerstone of moral

Racism in America (the zeitgeist) around year 1890-1920 based on the Essay

Racism in America (the zeitgeist) around year 1890-1920 based on the book Give Me Liberty, by Foner (chapter 17, 18, and 19 only) - Essay Example Black and white people resided nearby on lands as well as agricultural estates and physical segregation developed contact involving neighbors sporadic. On the other hand, liberated color citizens, situated mainly in northern and southern municipalities as well as metropolis, suffered isolation in different sorts. When the High Court made judgment in Dread Scott versus Strafford (1858) that Black Americans weren’t American people, whites from the north isolated black people from civic transport seats as well as banned their entrance, except for employees, from nearly all lodges with food outlets. When permitted into lecture hall as well as theaters, black people sat in separate parts; they as well attended isolated schools. Nearly all churches, as well, got segregated (Washington 4). Rebuilding subsequent to the civil fighting caused severe problems to white primacy and isolation, particularly within the Southern part where the majority Black Americans continued to reside. The slavery abolition during 1866 after which approval of the 14th modification (1869) followed which extended nationality as well as same law protection to Black Americans moreover within decades just following the Civil fighting isolation reduced. However the chances of black people using together public transportation as well as shared housing with white people grew in the time subsequent to 1866. Black people received right to use public vehicles as well as railway transport on the basis of integration. Definitely, numerous transport corporations preferred integration since they didn’t desire a danger losing business with blacks Black American gained entrance to unified public accommodation. Enactment through Parliament of public Privileges Act (1876), which banned racial favoritism within public housing, offers proof concerning sustained existence of racism as well as the call for

Accountability In Administration

Accountability In Administration Accountability in pubic administration is very important aspect to be taken care in every country. The integrity, transparency and accountability are basic principles of public administration and governments must have a check and balance methods to check their bureaucracy for their integrity and honesty. These principles must be adopted and exercised in the country as well as in public administration. The accountability must be done in administration for having transparent and integral government system. Transparency refers to the reliable information keeping and providing citizen services of the country and integrity refers to the honesty and making sure that is no corruption in public and citizens dealings and also no misuse of powers by the public administrators. Public administrators and state heads must develop accountability criteria and the process of accountability must be fair and not one sided. All public administrators and political leaders must be aware of these rules and regulations to abide by so that there are no weaknesses in the process which can be taken for granted by the public servants and politicians. The first basic step in accountability process in public administration is to recognize the efficacy of power. The power or authority is necessary to carry out any development programs and transparency, integrity and accountability can not be obtained by simply cutting powers of administrators (McKinney and Howard, 1998). There is another issue with power that the struggle for attaining more and more powers between bureaucrats, if not eliminated, this conflict can be taken as advantage in future. Accountability is a complex process rather than just tackling the abuses but this practice is essential to attain governmental and public goals. Public trust on departments and government is very important in a democratic country and this can be only achieved by having a fair and strong accountability process in the country. When some public officer misuses its powers and he use these powers for himself instead of using for public service delivery. This also breaks trust of citizens towards public administrators and the government itself. The unethical decisions and acts performed by the public officials are also accountable. The other types of issues in public administration which may arise are blaming of errors on other officer then himself, leaking confidential information, fabricating time/quality/quantit y and reports, misusing of expenses allowed, taking gifts/favors in exchange of preference or personal benefits to clients, taking unnecessary days off and taking extra time for breaks like lunch and dinner etc are some examples of acts by public administrators which must be accountable for ensuring integrity and transparency (Gordon and Milakovich, 2009). In short, accountability is the process for ensuring that public money and powers must be used effectively and with honesty for only public services and country. There must be no misuse of any public power or money by the public administrators and government itself. This also brings trust relationship between the public and the government and its departments. Accountability is a process which must be adopted in every department of the country. Efficiency and Effectiveness Efficiency and effectiveness are important in public administration. Efficiency and effectiveness is desired in every aspect of public administration like utilization of funds by tax payers effectively and efficiency of utilization must be careful, constructive and productive for the public. Effective public administration and services are important because this respond well to the public needs and in a timely situations which are also the political demands of the ruling government and adopt such low cost efficient and effective process which are well targeted, honest, transparent and according to the public interest of the country. Efficiency refers to attaining a goal with least possible cost and resources which is also important to public administration. It is always much more needed to be done in public services and administration than before with spending least resources and achieving more and more productivity. Effectiveness refers to make sure the work done is according to public demands, accountability process is carried out and democratic process is observed (Box, 2009).The decisions made in public sector are according to demands of public which are concluded by the discussions of citizens, discovering issues, developing policies and rules, and managing public administrators to implement these services and programs. Public administration can be effective and efficient if the processes adopted by public administrators are efficient, fast and according to needs of the government and public. E-government processes bring efficiency and effectiveness in the public sector by minimizing the time scales on public level and inter-department communication and processes. E-government enables the public administrators and departments to offer citizen service through one click and their precious time saved. E-government includes online services provided to citizens of the country. This increases the efficiency and effectiveness in spending public money and for right purpose (Cloete and Petroni, 2005). The success of any government and public administration can be measured by efficiency and effectiveness. Peoples point of view regarding the effectiveness and efficiency can be measured time to time by conducting satisfaction surveys, consultations with people directly, and direct individual interaction. The policies must be made keeping in mind about what public requires and where it must be spend and where it must not be spend. In conclusion, efficiency and effectiveness are two basic principles of public administration which must be present in any successful administration. Public administrators who make their policies with consultation of public, consider their requirements and also take feedback about their policies are successful and spending public money honestly, effectively and reliably. The spending of public money must be done according to citizens needs and different tools can be adopted for finding what public needs and requires by the government and public administration. Public services must be delivered effectively and efficiently so that there most of the output can be achieved with the public money and resources. The Legitimacy of the Administrative State The legitimacy of the administrative state claims that it offers opportunities to community engagement and also provides a method for scientific decision making. Rohr (1986) emphasized that the blending of executive, legislative, and judicial powers are aligned according to the separation of powers in a democratic community. He argued that the legitimacy of the administrative state was originally meant for American Senate. It provides a sustainability and permanence to the government system of America and playing a balance role in different constitutional departments of the country government. It also focused on the limitations present in representations in the House of Representatives. The legitimacy of the administrative state empowers future public administrators for playing their own autonomous role by selecting one of constitutional masters where might be clash with one another (Spicer, 2007). Rohr worked on two basic principles: the people of the country if follow illegitimate powers and this is happening in present political environment, a legitimate state must be present to avoid such things. The question of legitimacy of the administrative state was emerged two centuries ago. The legitimacy was questioned because the constitution was not providing base for such an organization. Legitimacy can be accomplished by the state itself by focusing on how it functions and progress for supporting legislations and government. It was supposed before that elected members of the house policy making activities and other relevant activities with evolvement of such policies and how these activities are carried out to present the legitimacy of the administration as well as government itself. Bureaucratic legitimacy is based on the scientific method and professionally. To ensure legitimacy in the administrative state, administrative staff plays their part professionally and specialty. Citizens must trust government because the legitimacy can only be achieved in this case. The legitimacy of the public administrative state can be accomplished by means of expertise, public service, leadership qualities, and vision. Public administrators are responsible for the legitimacy of the state by having direct communication with the community by using their bureaucratic expertise, vision of the government, political leadership and best public service delivery. The legitimacy of the administrative state brings the sustainability to the country and ultimately to the state itself. In conclusion, the legitimacy of the administrative state is the responsibility of the public administrators. They must deliver effective citizen services with honesty and ensuring that the vision of the government is achieved. These efforts bring the legitimacy of the state in view point of the people of the country. The state is considered as stable and strong in terms of its constitution and legislative actions. The legitimacy of administrative state also empowers the government to accomplish their policies and people who elected them to the house must trust them to bring legitimacy. The Politics-Administration Dichotomy The Politics/Administration Dichotomy idea was suggested by Woodrow Wilson in his article The Study of Administration. This article is considered as the base of public administration. The dichotomy offers an enduring image to elected political members, public officers, and students of the public administration. This depicts the real issues of policy and administration decisions which struck in government. Politicians or elected members are liable to make policies agenda and decisions on policies and public servants are liable to administrator programs and providing public services to the community. This dichotomy is meant for eliminating politics in the government departments and leaving politicians to make policies who are elected members by people of democratic country. This has been observed that it is effective to create boundaries of public administration and developing a normative relationship between the public administrators and elected politicians in a democratic community (Svara, 1998). Wilsons suggested that a dichotomy must be present between determinations of government policies must be via politics while its enforcement must be non-political administration. He also emphasized on public sector approach of business like and science of administration. These all formed the public administration early 1940s. This politics-administration dichotomy was used already in Europe a century earlier. It is observed that Wilson essay regarding politics-administration dichotomy is ambiguous (Sapru, 2006). It presented for the first time in American history which focused on the required scientific and systematic study of public administration. His politics-administration dichotomy also urged on professional education which is important of higher education to bring professional bureaucracy in the country. By adopting this dichotomy he appointed on the partisan basis and implies his political power to support his policies and programs. He also successful to bring image of government where administrators were dependent on political and partisan chief executive of the country by adopting approach of centralization and executive leadership while allowing administrator to administrator the internal management matters by giving discretionary powers. Brownlow (1956) was a famous consultant of public administration matters praised the idea of politics-administration dichotomy presented by Woodrow Wilson. In his essay he wrote that Wilson laid a foundation for the study programme which is for everyone in the country who is interested in art or science of public administration. In the modern era, Woodrow Wilsons role in the public administration is not denied. However, it might be argued whether he is founder of the public administration or only a dominant personality for the growth of public administration in America. Wilsons essay about the public administration was part of the administration and politics as the social, political and intellectual ferment till the 19th century. This essay presented the ideas on how to tackle the rapidly changing American economy, social and political-administrative order. The Issue of Representation The issue of representation is present across the globe in public administration. This issue comprises on gender, race, or ethnicity factors. The public administration of any country must be comprised of all races, genders and ethnic groups. The effective representative bureaucracy offers a public administration of all people in terms of demographics so that true representation of all groups is involved in decision making process of the public administration and government. The active representation occurs in bureaucracy when they represent the views of those with similar demographic backgrounds (Kellough, 2010). The representation issues must be tackled down to increase public services quality. Female representation is another major issue in public administration. Because females can only understand better what females of the country need and what policies must be developed to make sure that the public services are offered effectively and efficiently. The demographic diversity must be present in the public officials for tackling diversified issues like religious, ethnic, gender or any other demographic issues. Poor people must be provided with their representation in public administration and government so that all representatives of the community are present. If there is no representation of the poor than there are chances that policies are made only for the landlords, businessmen and corporations. The black people representation is very less in American government and public administration departments and these also created problems for black community. This lack of representation evolved many problems and the trust of black people broken on government (Mosher, 1994). The representation issues are more emerged when there are immigrants and these people representation is not present in the administration. This also creates miscommunication and does not develop trust relationship among immigrants and the public administration. Similarly, the race, ethnic and gender issues creates such problems. The communication gap bears obstacles in developing a trust relationship among government, administration and public. The effectiveness and efficiency is also compromised due to such environment. The representation must be according to the demographics of the country, state and local level. All people must have their proper representation. Females must have their own representation in the public administration as well as in House of Representatives so that all policies and rules are made according to the needs of the females in the country. Minorities must also be represented in the government and in public administration so that the laws must be aligned acco rding to their beliefs and religious independence not compromised. In conclusion, the true representation of every class must be present in the administrative departments and government. This true representation enables government and administrators to develop and implement according to the needs of the people in specific demographics. Equal gender rights must be present in the country and community and this is only possible than there is equal representation of males and females in decision making process. The responsible public administrator Cooper presented the idea of The responsible public administrator in which suggested that the primary responsibility of the public administrator to deal with public interest with honesty and common good responsibility emerged from the fiduciary role of public administration (Boje, 2008). In this the public administrators were the individuals possessing and relied on their own expertise and neutrality. The action taken by such administrators was relied on the scientific and neutral principles. Cooper emphasized on that responsible public administrator knows how to decide an ethical choice in which one might be involved in right action versus wrong action and even sometimes right action versus right action. The individual must build up the skills of moral imagination which involves the capability to create a movie in our minds which must consider the dynamics of the environment in which ethical choice must be taken care (Menzel, 2007). The goal for the responsible public administrator is to bring up the ethical situation of the public servant and develop creative reflection of this situation while not only laying down the public service values (Cooper, 1990). This emphasized on how the public servants are responsible to act ethically and not to take advantage of their powers. Also, public administrators must behave ethically during their public service and do the value-based decisions during while performing their duties. The responsible public administrator must know how to act in a situation where the right action versus the wrong action and in some cases, right action against the right action. The decisions for such actions must be ethical no matter what environment is and also according to values of the government business. Coopers framework provides a solid base for all aspects of public administration involved in decision making and make sure that the public administrator must balance the professional, personal, and organizational values. This framework enables the public servants while they are performing their duties to take decisions neutrally and ethically. Their decisions must be according to the rules and regulations of the government and must not violate any political and governmental rules. The framework not only literate the public administrators about ethics, in fact it demands the actions ethically and practically neutral. In conclusion, the responsible public administrators are important for the democratic government and citizens of the country because these administrators take decisions on all public and national matters neutrally and ethically and also take care of their actions must be according to the law. The democratic government must be successful if they have responsible public servants because there are the people who act upon the government decisions. The democratic government only succeeds by fair play and the public administrators are one of key players of this fair play. These administrators take decisions based upon actions which are right and valuable for community and the country rather than just decision making.

Icloud Technology Essay

Cloud computing is not necessarily a new technology, but it is one that has become much more popular in the past few years. It is a technology that has been improved upon and more companies are relying on cloud computing for their hardware, software, and storage needs. What is Cloud Computing? There are several definitions of what exactly cloud computing is. The simplest explanation is that cloud computing is a means of renting computers, storage, and network capacity on an hourly basis from a company that already has these resources in its own data center and can make them available to you and your customers via the Internet (Smith, 2009). Cloud computing comes in three main formats: Infrastructure-as-a-service, platform-as-a-service, and software-as-a-service (SaaS) (Howarth, 2009). Infrastructure-as-a-service provides access to server hardware, storage and bandwidth (2009). Platform-as-a-service provides basic operating software and may also include services such as database access, user interface, message queues, and application servers (2009). The last model is software-as-a-service (SaaS), which provides customers with access to complete software applications that are often integrated with other users to prove greater functionality for the customer (2009). Positive Aspects of Cloud Computing Prior to cloud computing, there were related services that offered certain or limited services, but not all the services were combined, as they are with cloud computing. Small- and mid-size businesses are signing up for cloud computing, as their goal is to eliminate as much internal IT services as possible (Shacklett, 2011). Cloud computing allows a company to use the services that they see fit for their needs and use as much computing power as them deem necessary on an hourly basis (Smith, 2009). As the demand for internal or external users shrinks or expands, the necessary software, hardware, storage, and network capacity can be added or subtracted as needed (Smith, 2009). The equipment is not kept at the company using the cloud computing service. It does not require upgrades to the electrical system, modifications of the cooling system, additional floor space, or expansion of the IT staff (Smith, 2009). The cloud computing company handles the storage and service of the equipment needed. The last advantage is that there are competing providers for cloud computing services (Smith, 2009). If you are not happy with the current company, you have the choice to move your business to a different company that offers the services that you need. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing The biggest concern or disadvantage of cloud computing is security. The geographical location of the data in a cloud computing environment will have a significant impact on the legal requirements for protection and handling of the data (Bowen, 2011). The laws of the host country apply to the data on the machines (Smith, 2009). Most businesses are hesitant to allow their internal data to be stored on a computer that is outside of their own company and could potentially be stored with another company’s application (Smith, 2009). To date, there has been no breach of client-to-client data, which could be due to sufficient security or because there has been no value in this type of breach (Smith, 2009). There have also been variations of performance when running applications on the cloud (Smith, 2009). Cloud computing services have crashed and become unavailable for several hours or days. When this happens, all your services are off-line until the problem is corrected (Smith, 2009). It may appear as if cloud computing has an unlimited amount of computers and storage disks to meet the needs of customers. As cloud computing becomes more popular and widely used the amount of computers and storage disks may become somewhat limited. Relation of cloud computing to a Biblical Ethical Worldview When a business uses cloud computing they are putting their trust into another company with their personal and business information. The cloud computer company must protect the information as if it were their own. Recommendation of Cloud Computing I believe I would use cloud computing if I were starting or operating a small- to mid-size business. To have access to the hardware, software, and storage capacity of the changing and growing computer industry, it is a good alternative to actually purchasing the equipment or software. Projections of Cloud Computing Cloud computing will continue to grow in popularity. As more businesses look for ways to cut cost, cloud computing will eliminate the need to have the storage space, money needed to purchase and upgrade equipment and to have the technical knowledge to handle problems that arise. Conclusion The popularity of mobile devices is growing rapidly in the business world. To be able to have the software needed downloaded on the mobile devices, as needed, will be a huge benefit to businesses. Cloud computing will also help companies that have several different locations throughout the world connect to the same network, using the same software, when needed. Security will always be a concern, whether the data is stored in-house or at an off-site location. Reputable companies are quickly joining the cloud computing business and although there still may be breaches, the more reputable the company, the better the consumer feels about storing their data off-site. Cloud computing will be a huge benefit to businesses as technology continues to change and grow.

The Crucible - Was The Mass Hysteria Necessary Essay

In The Crucible, there was a lot of senseless behavior. The purpose of The Crucible is to educate the reader on the insanity that can form in a group of people who think they are judging fairly upon a group of people. Judge Hawthorne believes what he is told by certain people is the truth even if little evidence is to be shown. The young girls with Abigail convince Hawthorne of others being witches so that Abigail can get what she wants, John Proctor, also so that Abigail does not blackmail the girls. The Crucible by Authur Miller investigates the effects of hysteria, superstitions and repression on the Salem Community in the late 1600’s. Author Miller, 1915- was born in New York City and graduated from Abraham High School in Brooklyn,†¦show more content†¦In A View From the Bridge (1955; Pulitzer Prize) Miller studies a Sicilian-American longshoreman whose unacknowledged lust for his niece destroys him and his family. All My Sons (1947), Incident at Vichy (1965), The Price (1968), The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972), The Ride down Mount Morgan (1991), and Broken Glass (1994). His screenplay, The Misfits (1961); television dramas, Playing for Time (1980) and Clara (1991); His novel, Focus (1945); and a study of the Soviet Union, In Russia (1969), Arthur Miller’s last book written was his autobiography Time bends: A Life. (Kennedy Center) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is a play about the Salem witch trials in 1692. these were classic examples of mass hysteria, resulting in the hanging of a great many respectable men and woman of charges of dealing with the devil. They were convicted by people at least as respectable as themselves, largely on the evidence of many young girls lead by Abigail William’s, who had been caught dancing in the moonlight and laid their rakish behavior to the influence of Satan. Many innocent people were accused and convicted of witchcraft on the most absurd testimony, the testimony of Abigail and the other girls blaming whom they wanted to, so that they were not seen as witches. Descent citizens who signed petitions vouching to the good character of the accused friends andShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature Causing Mass Hysteria in The Crucible1139 Words   |  5 Pagesin The Crucible) In, The Crucible, several of the characters are constantly feuding, not only among themselves but with the entire community as well. Many citizens spread ridiculous lies and rumors accusing innocent people of being â€Å"under the influence† of the devil. The people of Salem fall victim to an eruption of delirium, caused by natural human tendencies. Arthur Miller illustrates blame, majority versus minority, ideology as being natural human tendencies and driving forces to the mass hysteriaRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe quality most necessary in a leader and a catalyst for hysteria is the ability to manipulate. The play The Crucible by Arthur Miller depicts the events that occurred in 1690s in Massachusetts best known as the Salem Witch Trials. These events center on a group of young girls who are found dancing in the woods with a black slave. Among them is Abigail Williams, a 17 year-old-girl desperate to conceal her affair with a married man and escape charges of witchcraft. In an attempt to pull the spotlightRead Moreâ€Å"Red Alert Is The Colour Of Panic. 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As the tale persists, Salem, Massachusetts gets wound up in the witch hunt of 1692, creating an infectious hysteria on all the villagers. City-wide fear overtakes individual thought and reasoning as well as it can today in America’s â€Å"trivial† matters. The Crucible has many components where the characters experience moments of hysteria. The play introduces the concept of witchcraft where inRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1762 Words   |  8 PagesAs defined, a crucible is a container where metals or other substances are heated to a very high temperature or even melted. In these small canisters, extremely violent reactions take place. A crucible isn’t solely an object necessary for chemical reactions, but is highly symbolic. Arthur Miller, author of the play The Crucible, used this as a metaphor of mass hysteria during the Salem Witch Trials. Through this, Miller connected the Puritan trials to The Red Scare, a span of time in which CommunistRead MoreThe On The Hands Of An Angry Mob1477 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller, through many of his works, criticized this American state of superiority, exposing underlying insecurities within common pride. By these means, The Crucible exemplifies the American state of chaos; the myriad of ignorance, intolerance, and stubborn ways reflect just as disappointingly today as they did in the 1600s. As hysteria ran rampant, people began to believe things that were completely contradicted by common sense. The Salem Witch Trials were a prime example of this; combining theRead MoreTheme Of Hysteria In The Crucible1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn sociology or psychology, mass hysteria is defined as a phenomenon that transmits collective illusions of threats, whether real or imaginary, through a population in society as a result of rumors and fear. During the Salem witch trials in Massachusetts, this definition directly correlates with the behavior of the people of Salem. They also say that you can trace the cause of mass hysteria back to one person or a group of people. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible a group of girls are plagued withRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : The Causes Of The Deadly Accusations912 Words   |  4 PagesOrr Toledano Mr. Blenner AP U.S. History – Period 1 11 April 2015 The Salem Witch Trials: The Causes of the Deadly Accusations In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, he writes, â€Å"We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!† (Miller 77). This partially fictionalized tale of the Salem Witch Trials points to one of the causes of the trials, vengeance, but the over dramatized tale s early stages were quiet